Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Weakness and fatigue. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . 2. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Abnormal Motor Behavior. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Confusion. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Diarrhea. The heart rate slows . Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. a. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
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