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sacrifice bunt statistics

Team Left On Base per Game. * * * Brett Butler retired in 1997. Many thanks to him. The following players have accumulated 300 or more sacrifice bunts in their playing careers: Since the beginning of the live-ball era (1920), the career leader in sacrifice bunts is Joe Sewell with 275. As long as the runner(s) successfully advance on the bases, the batter is rewarded with a sacrifice bunt, regardless of an error or fielders choice occurring. Wiki User. 40%. 13. Beginning with the 1954 averages, sacrifice bunts and sacrifice flies were listed separately in the official averages (AL pitching statistics did not separate SF from SH yielded until 1955). Relation between transaction data and transaction id. Rachael Hathoot went 5-9 on the day and finished with a team-high three RBI . There's only one problem: by giving up one of your precious 3 outs, you're reducing. Boggs' 96 career sacrifice flies actually knocked his on-base percentage down four points from a would-be .419 to the actual .415 because, unlike a sacrifice bunt, a sacrifice fly actually . Typically, a player will be given a sign by the third-base coach, instructing a bunt attempt. It is not always the wrong move, but it is used far too often and in too many. supported by the raw numbers from the run probability table. All images are property the copyright holder and are displayed here for informational purposes only. A manager could feasibly pinch run, but then his bench becomes smaller (that is, there are fewer substitute players available). So far, we have been talking of averages what has happened over all the games played from 1900 to 1977. Sacrifice Flys per Game. almost ALWAYS a good idea to sacrifice in that situation if only one More specifically, I discovered that 46.34% of pitcher sacrifice bunts were worth it while 53.66% of This one is simple. Do you have a blog? So even in that situation, I'm not sure I'm ready to defend the sac bunt with one runner on.But what about bunting over runners on 1st and 2nd? In scoring, a sacrifice bunt may be denoted by SH, S, or, occasionally, SAC. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? It's the same for bunting runners from 1st and 2nd over to 2nd and 3rd: you've reduced your run expectancy from 1.47 to 1.36, again reducing your expectancy by 0.11 runs. Add to that the specifics of the players. The run expectancy of a runner on first base with none out is approximately 0.86 runs. In leagues without a designated hitter, sacrifice bunts are most commonly attempted by pitchers, who are typically not productive hitters. leaguer is under those numbers; so, according to this model, it is All Rights Reserved. Rankings of Negro League players should consider that Negro League data is not complete. For the record: Matt Garza's BUH%? Catching up The only situation where the bunt might be wise is in a late inning and the team is playing for one run after a leadoff double. After a leadoff single, the next batter hit a sacrifice bunt to move the runner to second base. Of course, bunting means you're playing for the tie at that point rather than looking to score multiple runs and take the lead, but if you have a strong bullpen it just might be a sound strategy. Become a Stathead today and run queries with our, Most Unique Players by Age by Similarity Scores, Most Games without a World Series Appearance, Most Games without a Postseason Appearance, Highest Career and Single-Season Salaries, Scores from any date in Major League history, Minor, Foreign, College, & Black Baseball, Frequently Asked Questions about MLB and Baseball, Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREE. The first baseman does not have to hold the runner on first base in this instance, so he will be charging the bunted ball with the pitcher. Fangraphs actually keeps a stat called BUH%, which is defined as "bunt hits/bunts". Of course, probability of winning is ultimately what matters, and it turns out the story is the same the sac bunt reduces the probability of winning. that pitchers should almost always sacrifice if given the opportunity. The manager decided it was time for a bunt, and called for Livan Hernandez, an expert bunter. Stats Baseball vs Lindenwood March 5, 2023 11 a.m. Tickets Baseball vs Lindenwood March 5, 2023 11 a.m. Mar 8. In this vein, the batter is sacrificing himself (giving up an out) in order to move another runner closer to scoring. Butlers success rate on sacrifice bunts was much higher. Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited. The logic behind the sacrifice bunt is sound: give up an out to increase that runner's chances of scoring. The batter is still charged with a time at bat. In either case, the sacrifice ruling ap- 1. And Livan Hernandez returned to the field the next day as scheduled, and pitched his 50,000th pitch during the course of the game. If an error is committed and the batter reaches base, he is still credited with a sacrifice. On the other hand, a sac bunt attempted while the runner on third attempts to steal home is called a suicide squeeze. Do you have a blog? To baseball quants (sabermetricians), the parallel concept is expected runs or expected run value. The most useful application is in assessing game situations e.g. Yesterday, I was excited to generate some bunting statistics I'd never seen anywhere before. In that situation, if runners still advance bases, it is still scored a sacrifice bunt instead of the error or the fielder's choice. LOB. Or write about sports? Define sacrifice-bunt. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. A sacrifice bunt attempted while a runner on third is attempting to steal home is called a suicide squeeze. High school softball stats:Northeast Florida year-end statistics leaders Gateway finals: Gritty Fletcher baseball races past Sandalwood, Baldwin softball repeats REGION 1-5A The runners try to advance as soon as they see the ball bunted. 7 th at-bat: Hit by pitch. In leagues without a designated hitter, sacrifice bunts are most commonly attempted by pitchers, who are generally not productive hitters. The Cincinnati Reds bid farewell to an 11-game, 14-day losing streak by scoring a 4-1 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals at Great American Ball Park. Stolen Bases Attempted per Game. If the official scorer believes that the batter was attempting to bunt for a base hit and not solely to advance the runners, the batter is charged an at bat and is not credited with a sacrifice bunt. The batter is almost always put out, and hence sacrificed (to a certain degree that is the intent of the batter), but sometimes reaches base on an error or fielder's choice. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. But perhaps if you gave them a second sentence, they would say "bunting is bad". Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! AZ, CO, CT, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, (select parishes), MD, MI, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OR, PA, TN, VA, WV, WY, CA-ONT only.Eligibility restrictions apply. For runner on 1st, none out, again, our run expectancy is 0.86 runs. The following stats illustrate the argument. The Sacrifice Bunt. All rights reserved. The Sacrifice Legacy. By continuing to use this website, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Is it possible for a hitter's OBP to be lower than his BA? While laying down a sacrifice bunt may seem very simple and straightforward, there are some key steps you need to remember to make sure you are successful in your sacrifice attempt. Some high school data is courtesy David McWater. Boston scratched out a run on a walk, sacrifice bunt, groundout and passed ball. Gambling problem? The lead runner scored on a perfectly-placed suicide squeeze bunt to give the Chargers a Any other result, like a walk, hit-by-pitch, sacrifice fly, sacrifice bunt, or catchers interference, does not count towards an official At-Bat. On the previous offering, Gonzalez took a pitch outside. I both agree with Cameron's piece and stand by my argument that bunting with runners on 1st and 2nd in a close game (say, down 1 run, tied, or up a run or two) with advantageous matchups coming up might be a smart move. The SPORTS REFERENCE and STATHEAD trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. Get unlimited access to breaking news, ancestry archives, our daily E-newspaper, games and more. Startseite > Uncategorized > sacrifice bunt statistics. 11 a.m. Copyright 2000-2023 Sports Reference LLC. Sacrifice bunt Jose Molina Wikipedia - "In baseball, a sacrifice bunt (also called a sacrifice hit) is a batter's act of deliberately bunting the ball in a manner that allows a runner on base to advance to another base. Statistics.com offers academic and professional education in statistics, analytics, and data science at beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels of instruction. The expected number of runs with a runner on second base and one out is 0.68 runs. Practicing Sabermetrics: Putting the Science of Baseball Statistics to Work [Costa, Gabriel B., Huber, Michael R., Saccoman, John T.] on Amazon.com. Cubs 3, White sox 3. For this reason, most of the statistical information on sacrifice flies is restricted to the 1954-80 period. Paskelbta 2022-06-04 Autorius the gherkin construction process How do/should administrators estimate the cost of producing an online introductory mathematics class? Athletics Spring Training game thread. 12: 10 Carr hit the next batter with a pitch. The official 2023 Baseball cumulative statistics for the Canisius College Griffins. The run expectancy for runners on 1st and 2nd and no outs is 1.47 runs, and the specific breakdown is as follows: For runners on 2nd and 3rd and one out, the run expectancy is 1.36 runs, and the specific breakdown is as follows: Now we're getting somewhere. The runners try to advance as soon as they see the ball bunted. Left On Base per Game. A sacrifice fly is credited when, with fewer than two outs, his fly, fair or foul, enables a runner to score. Is 0.00 also the lowest possible FIP? Youth Infield and Outfield Baseball Gloves, Slowpitch Softball Gloves for Men & Women, Baseball Protective: Elbow, Leg & Arm Guards, Fastpitch Softball Catcher's Helmets & Masks, Baseball & Softball Batting Practice Equipment, The Dugout: Baseball and Softball Pro Tips, The 55 Best Baseball Gifts for 2023 (with Reviews), Baseball Terms: 150+ Common Baseball Words, Slang & Jargon, Best BBCOR Bats for 2023: Top BBCOR Bat Reviews, Best Baseball Bags: Equipment Bag & Backpack Reviews, A Complete Guide to the Different Types of Baseball Bats. Piece of me just died inside. Mel Ott, who is listed with 109 sacrifice hits, had 63 actual sacrifice bunts among those, the most of anyone who hit more than 500 homers. Programming For Data Science Python (Experienced), Programming For Data Science Python (Novice), Programming For Data Science R (Experienced), Programming For Data Science R (Novice), Oct 6: Ethical AI: Darth Vader and the Cowardly Lion, Oct 19: Data Literacy The Chainsaw Case. I was watching a Washington Nationals game on TV a couple of days ago, and the concept of "expected value" offers academic and professional education in statistics, analytics, and data science at beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels of instruction. An out conceded is an out wasted, in other words. In Case 6.2, we presented the probabilities of scoring at least one run and asked you to determine whether the manager should signal for the batter to sacrifice bunt. Statistically, who is the worst NFL team in history? Baseball Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. How to tell which packages are held back due to phased updates. This powder is a mass of spherical, reticulated spores, which, when crushed, give out a most disagreeable smell. Last week, we discussed run expectancy. More Information Baseball. Some leadoff hitters also bunt frequently in similar situations and may be credited with a sacrifice, but as they are often highly skilled bunters and faster runners, they are often trying to get on base as well as advance runners. Notice sacrifice bunt statistics. However, run-expectancy can actually give us even more exact data. The Indians are on a pace for 12 sacrifice bunts, which would easily be the lowest total in club history. conventions usually espoused by performance analysts, but it is He notices that his shoes are not tied, and takes time out to tie them. One noteworthy result concerns the sacrifice bunt, in which the batter taps the ball a short distance, making an out himself, but placing the ball in a location that makes it possible for a runner on base to safely advance to the next base. Data Provided By Sacrifice Bunts Allowed; Player High; Sacrifice Bunts Allowed; Wallace, Madelyn: 1: Lehto, Grace : 1: Bean, Kaitlyn: 3: Team Leaders: Sacrifice Flies Allowed; Player Does a sacrifice bunt lower a hitter's OBP? Full-year historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of Hidden Game Sports. They move runners forward and closer to scoring runs, the true goal of baseball games. The batter is almost always sacrificed (and to a certain degree that is the intent of the hitter) but sometimes reaches base due to an error or fielder's choice. Pitching W: Shelbi Sunseri (8-7) L: Kenley Hawk (11-7) LSU Batting 2B: Ciara Briggs 1; Ali Newland 1 HR: Georgia Clark 1; Ali Newland 1 Just be aware that those moments are Discover the current NCAA Division I Baseball leaders in every stats category, as well as historic leaders. Below we will get into further detail regarding all things sacrifice bunts and will provide some key tips and tricks that will hopefully help you practice and perfect the sacrifice bunt. Of course, statistical analyses don't do a whole lot to sway portions of the baseball community, and the importance of sacrifice bunts remains a very polarizing subject. The plethora of bunts in the game made me take a closer look at bunts in general, and I think there's a lot more at play than "bunts suck!" However, the sac bunt (nearly) guarantees a runner moving up a base, from 1st to 2ndif you get an out at the plate with a runner on first and he doesnt move up, then the chance to score drops from .783 to .478a MUCH larger decrease, and still There were only 1,025 sacrifices in the majors last season, down from 1,667 in 2011. Author: Mathew Allen. Situationally, with a weak hitter at the plate with a poor platoon split down one run in a late inning, a bunt might actually help you. Among players who played primarily in the post-1920 live-ball era, the career leader in sacrifice bunts is Joe Sewell with 275. Virtually every major Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site, while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used. Get the latest official stats for the Detroit Tigers. The sacrifice bunt has used in MLB because there was an idea that advancing a runner and having 1 more out puts the team in a better position than before. Statistic Description: Sacrifice Hits (Sacrifice Bunts) Rankings of Negro League players should consider that Negro League data is not complete. Much has been made about the Moneyball-A's aversion to giving up outs, and it's been a polarizing point over the years. The Sacrifice Bunt: The Real Rally Killer. The impetus for bunting is simple: a runner on first is more likely to score on a hit if he's at second base rather than at first. If a batter successfully advances runners on an attempted sac bunt, they have done their job. Juni 2022; Beitrags-Kategorie: xrp fee calculator; Beitrags-Kommentare: . A sacrifice bunt attempted while a runner is on third is called a squeeze play. ".Let's take a look at the classic bunt situation: runner on 1st, none out, turning into runner on 2nd and one out. Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Why don't left handed power hitters bunt against the shift? sacrifice bunt statistics. 10 th at-bat: Grounded out to 2B, but moved runner from 2B to 3B. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Created Date: Bread made from flour containing this fungus has a disagreeable flavor and a dark color. The batter is sacrificing themselves to advance runner(s) on base. Even then, there is a set of the 11: 10: Sedalis flied out to cf, sacrifice fly, RBI; Maria advanced to third; A. Schooley scored. It only takes a minute to sign up. On the other hand, when a runner is on first and second base, or only second base, you will want to bunt the ball down the third base line. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. If you require any further information, or would like some in-person advice, stop by your local MonkeySports superstores to talk to one of our expert baseball associates! A sacrifice bunt is different from a bunt for a hit, and a bunt for a hit against the shift is different from a bunt . The Official Scorer shall: (a) Score a sacrifice bunt when, before two are out, the batter advances one or more runners with a bunt and is put out at first base. Still, it seems like something that would be helpful only in very specific situations. Jordyn VanHook continued to rake at the plate, hitting a home run in each game. Win Expectancy, Run Expectancy, and Leverage Index calculations provided by Tom Tango of InsideTheBook.com, and co-author of The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. But then on Saturday's game against the Rangers, the A's did their best Oprah impression: "You get a bunt! It still requires skill to be executed, but less is left to chance. In the past several years the sacrifice bunt has come under fire as a "waste of an at bat" and "lowering your chance to score." A Complete Guide to the Different Types of Baseball Gloves. SECTION 8SaCrIfICE A sacrifice bunt is credited to the batter when, with fewer than two outs, his bunt enables a runner to advance, provided no other runner is put out attempting to advance. If In baseball, a sacrifice bunt (also called a sacrifice hit) is the act of deliberately bunting the ball in a manner that allows a runner on base to advance to another base. Depending on where the runners are on base, you will need to bunt down either the first or third base line. Runners Left in Scoring Position per Game. More about data coverage + - Indicates Hall of Famer. 6 th at-bat: Grounded out to SS, but runner scored from 3B. Full-year historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of Hidden Game Sports. Let's compare that to the situation of a runner on 2nd and one out, with a run expectancy of 0.68 runs. Sacrifice bunts are an important part of the game and are something you need to practice a lot to make sure you have them perfected for game time. In 2018, there already have been 62 bunt attempts away from the shift, with better. [.] It was formerly called stinking rust. 5. It says, "Score a . This site uses cookies. As a result, the sacrifice bunt is a dying art. Despite the perfect bunt, they failed to score the runner from second. Some leadoff hitters also bunt frequently in similar situations and may be credited with a sacrifice, but as they are often highly skilled bunters and faster runners, they are often trying to get on base as well as advance runners. In this vein, the batter is sacrificing himself (giving up an out) in order to move another runner closer to scoring. Getting the runner from second and no outs to third with one out increases the probability of scoring from 0.61 to 0.65, IF the bunt is successful. This article was originally published on November 14, 2020, and has been updated with new information. Every Sports Reference Social Media Account, Site Last Updated: Saturday, March 4, 12:52AM. These steps are as follows: Now that we have discussed how and when to sacrifice bunt, lets go over some of the more complicated and in-depth aspects of a sac bunt with some FAQs. league's best hitters who should never lay down a bunt; which is too The official 2023 Softball cumulative statistics for the Central Michigan University Chippewas Skip To Main Content . Remember, you cannot perform a sacrifice bunt without a baseball bat, and batting gloves never hurt either! And the Nats? When powerful men in baseball, like the A's Billy Beane and the Cubs' Theo Epstein, became loyal sabermetrics disciples,. Data Provided By In other words, bunting actually slightly hurts your chances of scoring runs. Comments. The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. That is, the player must lay down a bunt that does not pop up, go foul, or go straight to a fielder. Much of the play-by-play, game results, and transaction information both shown and used to create certain data sets was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by RetroSheet. They don't want to bunt. You've drastically reduced your chances of scoring multiple runs in an inning. When a batter bunts with a runner on third base, it is called a squeeze play and, if successful, is still recorded as a sacrifice. Notice that the probability of scoring at least one run increases from .635 to .693 when sacrificing in Situation 3. Here's a list of the probabilities of the number of runs scored in the inning. Thus, we can conclude that, in this simple case, no matter who is coming up next, any batter hitting below .075 should always sacrifice, while any batter hitting better than .243 should never sacrifice. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Both runners stole a base to put runners on second and third. In 1982, sacrifices dropped under .4/game for the first time, but hung in around .38 or so until the end of the century. Watch our How-To Videos to Become a Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to more data than you can imagine. The sacrifice bunt rule was added in 1940, and currently, it's Paragraph 9.08 in the official rule book of Major League Baseball. the money in baseball is tied to individual statistics on how a player is doing individually with their stats. Although a sacrifice bunt is not the same as a sacrifice fly, both fell under the same statistical category until 1954. Anyone who can catch a ball can bunt a ball. The play also obviates the need for the pitcher to run the base paths, and hence avoids the risk of injury. All logos are the trademark & property of their owners and not Sports Reference LLC. Do you have a sports website? Last night, the Dodgers trailed the Giants 2-1 in the seventh inning. Logos were compiled by the amazing SportsLogos.net. Note: Situation 3 is a man on 2nd with no outs. The most opportune situations for sacrifice bunts occur when a runner is on first base, or runners are on both first and second base. Statistics.com is a part of Elder Research, a data science consultancy with 25 years of experience in data analytics. They can be crucial in moving runners over to prevent double plays and get runners in scoring position. So the final conclusion that he draws is that a sacrifice bunt makes sense only in one situation: man on second, no one out, and a single run is the goal. Through the first three months of 2014, National League teams attempted 958 bunts. Many historical player head shots courtesy of David Davis. The Bison combined for six home runs and totaled the top two scoring performances of the season. MEMPHIS, Tenn. - North Dakota State softball totaled 24 runs in a pair of big victories on Saturday at the Blues City Classic, defeating SIU-Edwardsville 9-1 before a run-rule victory over host Memphis 15-4 in five innings. In the second part of his series, he notes: Finally, we need to consider that sacrificing is a strategy often Customized picks for NFL and college football pickem contests (weekly and season long). He bunts again, another strike. A successful sacrifice bunt does not count as an at bat and, unlike a sacrifice fly, does not count during the calculation of on base percentage. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. I agree with Cameron's analysis. Every Sports Reference Social Media Account, Site Last Updated: Saturday, March 4, 12:52AM. And within all bunt attempts are attempts at different sorts of bunts. In baseball, a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire, without the benefit of a fielder's misplay (see error) or another runner being put out on a fielder's choice. We have tools and resources that can help you use sports data. The average of .21 sacrifices per game in It says, "Score a the money in baseball is tied to individual statistics on how a player is doing individually with their stats. Put another way, a decline of around 3 percent per game per year. Post by justin17 27 May 2022 18:10 pm. 19, Royals vs. The idea behind the bunt is to give up an out to move the runner on first (or the runners on first and second) to second (or second and third) where they're more likely to score. This conclusion flies in the face of many of the In baseball, a sacrifice bunt (also called a sacrifice hit) is a batter's act of deliberately bunting the ball, before there are two outs, in a manner that allows a baserunner to advance to another base. The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. All logos are the trademark & property of their owners and not Sports Reference LLC. The 1998 and 2008 teams each had 30 to share the low mark. first person to quote "the book" wins a gold star :). Sacrifice Flys per Game. In such a case, it makes sense to bunt. 1894-1896: A sacrifice is awarded with either zero or one out, but only for bunts that advanced a runner and resulted in an out. So the final conclusion that he draws is that a sacrifice bunt makes sense only in one situation: man on second, no one out, and a single run is the goal. It has been well-chronicled both on this site and elsewhere that the vast majority of media and fans completely missed the point of Moneyball. There's only one problem: by giving up one of your precious 3 outs, you're reducing your chances of scoring runs. The values in Situation 3 immediately stand out. "Active Leaders &Records for Sacrifice Hits | Baseball-Reference.com", By the Numbers: Bunting in baseball can be downright medieval | The Columbian, The Baseball Analysts: Empirical Analysis of Bunting. The execution was good. We present them here for purely educational purposes. What's more, you've increased your chances of scoring exactly one run by almost 5%, and exactly two runs by 6%! According to the calculations done in this James Click article titled "Taking One for the Team: When Does it Make Sense to Sacrifice? Sacrifice Bunt. Question, Comment, Feedback, or Correction? Kyle Muller struggled in his second spring start and Oakland fell behind early in a 6-4 loss. Georgia Clark drew a walk to load the bases. This answer is: Batting average is the oldest and one of the most important statistics used in baseball. This is especially concerning considering they were down 2 runs. [3][4], Complicating affairs are the many difficulties and risks associated with bunting. We know that a sacrifice bunt does not lower a hitter's BA. Unlike a sacrifice fly, a sacrifice bunt is not included in the calculation of the player's on-base percentage. All Rights Reserved. Many thanks to him. While sac bunt percentage may be decreasing, the fact that there is not a need for them in the game is simply not true. Typically, a player will be given a sign by the third-base coach, instructing a bunt attempt. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? 0.00 is the lowest possible ERA. scoring many. run is needed. runner on second, 2 out. On average, a team will score 0.348 runs in the rest of the inning, when facing that situation. 2023 Baseball Cumulative Statistics - Texas A&M-Corpus Christi Athletics. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. After a lengthy delay, he straggles to the plate, tugging at his trousers. sacrifice bunt statistics. This section is showing information that is up to date as of the end of the 2022 MLB season. Ryan's fairly strong with the bunt, getting desired results on 50 out of 57 sacrifices in his career. Even then, there is a set of the league's best hitters who should never lay down a bunt; which is too bad, because it would be fun to see Bonds square around, just once. Total Zone Rating and initial framework for Wins above Replacement calculations provided by Sean Smith. You've still reduced your overall run expectancy. sacrifice bunt statistics Posted on June 8, 2022 in pete davidson first snl episode Sac bunts per plate appearance has been on a steady decline over the past few years, which leads many baseball fans to believe bunting is not necessary in the game. The Truth About Bunting. that the probability of scoring at least one run increases from .635 and provide a uniform way to keep track of player and team statistics. So, a sacrifice bunt to advance the runner, in terms of global aggregates, costs runs. Managers believe that since their at bat will probably result in an out, they might as well approach it in a style likely to at least advance the runners.

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