Understanding the key processes of host recognition, haustorium development and maturation and metabolic regulation of the parasitic sink allow virulence predictions and the design and implementation of highly calibrated, feasible, and durable control strategies leading to the arrest of broomrape parasitism minimizing simultaneously environmental impact and yield losses. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1195. doi: 10.3390/metabo12121195. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). (2007). Weed Sci. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal, FRG: Eberhard Karls Universitt), 147156. 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00739.x, Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., Plakhine, D., Lavan, Y., Blumenfeld, T., Bucsbaum, H., et al. 46, 251256. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. 202, 531541. Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. 20, 8184. Other interesting molecules that hamper the ability of broomrape radicle to reach the host have been recently discovered from different microbial and plant origins (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). (2008). -. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Rev. McNally, S. F., Orebamjo, T. O., Hirel, B., and Stewart, G. R. (1983). Plant Cell Environ. Plant Cell Physiol. Plants (Basel). Once in the parasite system, sucrose is not accumulated but metabolized to other compounds. The root-parasitic broomrape species cause severe damage to eld and vegetable crops worldwide. It is important for broomrape to initiate parasitism in young crops otherwise host reproductive organs in the rapid seed-filling stage will be able to endure a delayed parasitism by establishing a stronger competition with parasitic sinks (Manschadi et al., 1996; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). 33, 787793. Water relations, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 125140. Isr. doi: 10.1104/pp.119.2.585, Aly, R. (2007). and their current disposition. (2010). Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). 69, 463472. 122, 275281. J. Exp. The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Epub 2021 Dec 1. de Saint Germain A, Jacobs A, Brun G, Pouvreau JB, Braem L, Cornu D, Clav G, Baudu E, Steinmetz V, Servajean V, Wicke S, Gevaert K, Simier P, Goormachtig S, Delavault P, Boyer FD. Bot. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsks.) (2015). As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. 6, 269275. Plant Pathol. Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments. Long term dry preservation of active mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1976.tb00406.x, Katan, J. Afr. Crop Prot. Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). As alternative, transgenic resistant crops have been engineered with broomrape-inducible expression of toxins specifically targeting the penetrating broomrape seedling. Pest Manag. Maintenance of relative low levels of those amino acids in tubercles either by low levels of synthetase activities (McNally et al., 1983) and or their rapid turnover of host-derived amino acids, establishes a decreasing concentration gradient that favors the unloading of amino acids into the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009). Mediterr. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. Appl. 43, 808815. J. Evol. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . Front Plant Sci. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. Activity of secreted cell wall-modifying enzymes and expression of peroxidase-encoding gene following germination of Orobanche ramosa. doi: 10.1093/jxb/34.5.610. Hortic. 70, 224229. The ability of L-methionine to stop the entrance of broomrape intrusive cells into the host-root layers has not been studied. The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. Paris: Dterville. Dev. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr031, Nandula, V. K., Foster, J. G., and Foy, C. L. (2000). (1969). (2013). 48, 163168. Small broomrape tubercles or "spiders" attached to host plant roots. Crop Prot. 3586002. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers189, Lee, J. Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. A novel metabolite, ryecyanatine-A recently isolated from rye (Secale cereale L.), presents potential for broomrape control by promoting rapid cessation of broomrape radicle growth and therefore inhibiting its ability to reach the host. Plant Sci. A variety of methods have been developed to specifically neutralize broomrape pre-attached development though the majority of them are not commercially implemented because they are still at the stage of development or have not proved enough efficiency or applicability for large scale crops. Sci. (2007). 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004 Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). Sci. Bot. "It is a prolific seed producer. Cezard, R. (1973). Purification of pectin methylesterase from Orobanche aegyptiaca. Nature 435, 824827. Assessment of pathogenicity or damages toward non-target plants has to be carefully assessed in order to avoid environmental risks. The first step of conditioning promotes in the parasitic seed receptors the required sensitivity for the second step of host detection (Musselman, 1980; Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Lechat et al., 2012, 2015; Murdoch and Kebreab, 2013). doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). If successful, these studies could develop a strategy to limit the damage from broomrape if it becomes established and the strict quarantine is lifted. This kind of resistance is more interesting than other mechanisms of resistance that usually involve translocation and enhanced metabolism, resulting in lower herbicide concentration in the sap of the host plant. Bot. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01802.x, Slavov, S., Valkov, V., Batchvarova, R., Atanassova, S., Alexandrova, M., and Atanassov, A. Agron. Depending on the genetic background of the resistant host, the intrusive cells of broomrape seedling can be stopped at three different levels in their way of penetration through the root layers to achieve connection with the host vascular system. The timing of herbicide application is essential.. Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. Several factors contribute to the fact that broomrape weeds remain an uncontrolled agricultural problem. Imazamox application timing for small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover. 10. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. 47, 27. Engineering of virulence-enhanced mycoherbicides is another approach of great interest. Bot. If the vascular connection is not successfully performed in few days the parasitic seedling dies of inanition and therefore quick invasion of the host is of advantage to avoid loss of viability. Planta 227, 125132. In addition, inhibitors of ABA catabolism inhibit the germination-triggering effect of host-derived strigolactones. They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). 109, 181195. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. doi: 10.1560/E2KB-FM11-X4U2-YC9J, Bar-Nun, N., Sachs, T., and Mayer, A. M. (2008). Orobanche species in Sudan: history, distribution and management. Plant Physiol. Resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Induced resistance an innovative approach to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in hemp and tobacco. doi: 10.1007/s10658-004-2814-8. 14, 273278. J. Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. Sci. J. doi: 10.1080/09583159929857. This is maintained by accumulation of solutes mainly potassium at higher concentrations than in the corresponding host tissues (Abbes et al., 2009). Four broomrape features define the post-attachment herbicidal strategy in comparison with non-parasitic weeds. Plant Sci. Plant Pathol. 45, 379387. We are trying to predict the timing of germination of broomrape based on the soil temperature and moisture, Mesgaran said. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). Sudan J. Agric. 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. Should you discover broomrape in a field, please contact the grower immediately, who should in turn contact the respective county agricultural commissioner. Food Chem. Suttle, J. C. (1983). consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. Seed Sci. Phytochemistry 72, 624634. 89, 2327. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) 4, 123152. 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5 Biol. Observations on the current status of Orobanche and Striga problems worldwide. Crops that reach their seed filling period earlier than broomrape initiates its underground bud development are able to restrict parasitic sink and endure parasitic damage (Manschadi et al., 1996; Grenz et al., 2005; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). The taxonomy of the group is somewhat contentious, and the American species of broomrape are sometimes placed in the genus Aphyllon. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. (1976) by using the synthetic strigolactone analog GR7. (2007a). Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. TABLE 1. Distrib. 67, 141148. Biochem. This treatment in the lab mimics the soil conditions in climatically suitable regions for broomrape such as Mediterranean non-irrigated agrosystems where the onset of warm and wet season coincides with the growth of juvenile stages of many annual crops (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007). PLoS ONE 7:e49273. (2008). doi: 10.1038/nature07271, Gonsior, G., Buschmann, H., Szinicz, G., Spring, O., and Sauerborn, J. Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. Kroschel, J., Mueller-Stoever, D., Elzein, A., and Sauerborn, J. Breeding approaches for crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Plant Pathol. 139, 194198. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. Bot. Weed Sci. Lpez-Rez, J. Therefore, decisions on the date of sowing has to be well-adjusted in order to balance the loss of productivity due to shorter growing period with gain of productivity due to reduced parasitism. Plant Cell Physiol. Front. Sci. 2021 Apr 12;253(5):97. doi: 10.1007/s00425-021-03616-1. It cost around $6,000 an acre.. Res. Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). 65, 453459. The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). Weed Sci. (2004). Physiol. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. Haustorium 49, 3. The maximum radicle elongation is limited (15 mm) and its viability in the absence of host connection only last a few days after germination has been triggered (Veronesi et al., 2007). Acquisition of water is driven by a lower water potential in broomrape tissues (Ehleringer and Marshall, 1995). There are not figures based on rigorous data for the total area affected by broomrape weeds (Parker, 2009). Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). 125, 9297. It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. N. R. Spencer (Bozeman, MT: Montana State University), 139. In addition to the toxic effects on broomrape seed and seedling, fertilization can protect crops from broomrape parasitism by means of down-regulating the crop synthesis and exudation of strigolactones, the most potent germination-inducing factors for broomrape. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape.
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